今年2月以来，受中东局势影响，国际油价一度升至每桶119.5美元。航空煤油裂解价差(即航空燃油与原油之间的价差)也创下历史新高。

Since February this year, due to the situation in the Middle East, international oil prices rose to $119.5 per barrel at one point. The price difference between jet fuel and crude oil (that is, the price gap between aviation fuel and crude oil) also reached an all-time high.

燃料供应风险与减碳要求正推动航空用油向生物航煤加速转型。在地缘政治冲突频发、能源市场波动加剧的当下，生物航煤已不只是绿色燃料，更承载了能源安全和产业转型的战略意义。

The risk of fuel supply and the demand for carbon reduction are driving the aviation fuel to accelerate its transition to biofuel. In the current era of frequent geopolitical conflicts and intensified energy market fluctuations, biofuel is no longer just a green fuel; it also carries strategic significance for energy security and industrial transformation.

目前，在全国四家生物航煤出口白名单企业中，山东独占两家，合计年产能超50万吨，占据全国一半。

At present, among the four enterprises on the national white list for biofuel jet fuel exports, two are from Shandong Province. Their combined annual production capacity exceeds 500,000 tons, accounting for half of the national total.

炼化企业的新生意

New business of the refining and chemical enterprises

所谓生物航煤，是“地沟油”等生物质原料经过加氢、脱氧等工艺处理后生产的绿色燃料。使用生物航煤无需改造飞机发动机，可与航空煤油按任意比例混合使用。

The so-called bio-jet fuel is a green fuel produced by processing biomass raw materials such as "waste cooking oil" through hydrogenation, deoxygenation and other processes. Using bio-jet fuel does not require modification of aircraft engines and can be mixed with aviation kerosene in any proportion.

5月31日，日照莒县海右化工园区，山东三聚生物能源有限公司(以下简称“山东三聚”)的加氢装置持续运转，银色的管路和储油罐错综排列，来自餐馆后厨的“地沟油”被不断转化为生物航煤。“‘地沟油’在业内称为废弃食用油。”在山东三聚董事长宁亚中眼里，城市的地下蕴藏着一座座“油田”。

On May 31st, in the Haoyou Chemical Industrial Park of Juxian County, Rizhao City, the hydrogenation unit of Shandong Sanju Bioenergy Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Shandong Sanju") was continuously operating. Silver pipes and oil storage tanks were intricately arranged, and "waste cooking oil" from restaurants' kitchens was continuously being converted into biojet fuel. "Waste cooking oil" is known in the industry as discarded edible oil. In the eyes of Ning Yanzhong, the chairman of Shandong Sanju, cities have hidden "oil fields" beneath them.

“通过技术提升，我们延长了催化剂使用周期，降低了生产成本。”宁亚中告诉记者，从原料预处理工艺的优化改进，到催化剂的高效利用，再到反应器热传导的提质提效，企业一直通过技术迭代降本增效。

"Through technological advancements, we have extended the service life of the catalysts and reduced production costs," Ning Yazhong told reporters. "From the optimization and improvement of the raw material pretreatment process, to the efficient utilization of the catalysts, and to the enhancement and efficiency improvement of the reactor's heat conduction, the enterprise has continuously achieved cost reduction and efficiency improvement through technological iterations."

去年9月，山东三聚和位于东营的山东海科化工有限公司同时获批生物航煤出口白名单企业，分别核定年产能15.8万吨和37万吨。东营海关工作人员介绍，今年前四个月，东营出口生物航煤11批次、共计7.6万吨。日照市商务局外贸科科长安清华表示，今年前四个月，日照已实现生物航煤出口4.56亿元。

In September last year, Shandong Sanju and Shandong Haikesheng Chemical Co., Ltd. in Dongying were both approved as enterprises on the whitelist for exporting bio-jet fuel. Their annual production capacities were respectively 158,000 tons and 370,000 tons. The staff of Dongying Customs introduced that in the first four months of this year, Dongying exported 11 batches of bio-jet fuel totaling 76,000 tons. An Qinghu, the director of the Foreign Trade Department of Rizhao Municipal Bureau of Commerce, stated that in the first four months of this year, Rizhao achieved bio-jet fuel exports worth 456 million yuan.

两家企业出口快速放量，也反映出山东在原料、区位和产业基础上的综合优势。宁亚中向记者细数了项目落地日照的几重考量。首先，山东是废弃食用油产出大省，连同邻近的江苏、河北、河南形成了原料供给地。其次，厂区所在的海右化工园，距离岚山港和连云港均不到100公里，高速出口近在咫尺。“从厂区上高速只要两三分钟，原料和产品进出非常便利。”宁亚中说。更深层的原因在于“利旧建新”。据了解，山东三聚相当一部分生产设备重新利用了闲置的炼化装置。“从改造到投产，只用了七八个月。”宁亚中透露。

The rapid growth in exports of these two enterprises also reflects Shandong's comprehensive advantages in terms of raw materials, location and industry. Ning Yanzhong detailed to the reporter several considerations for the project's location in Rizhao. Firstly, Shandong is a major producer of waste cooking oil, along with neighboring Jiangsu, Hebei and Henan, forming a raw material supply area. Secondly, the chemical park where the factory is located is less than 100 kilometers away from Lanzhou Port and Lianyungang, with a short distance to the expressway. "It only takes two or three minutes to get on the expressway from the factory, and the transportation of raw materials and products is very convenient," Ning Yanzhong said. The deeper reason lies in "reusing existing facilities and building new ones". It is understood that a large part of the equipment of Shandong Sanju reused idle refining and chemical plants. "From the renovation to the start of production, it only took about eight months," Ning Yanzhong disclosed.

风口之下的挑战

Challenges in the Stormy Situation

航空业是全球减排难度最高的领域之一。电池受限于能量密度，氢能商业化前路漫漫，生物航煤被视为减少航空碳排放的有效途径之一。

The aviation industry is one of the most challenging sectors for global emissions reduction. Batteries are limited by their energy density, and the commercialization of hydrogen energy is still a long way off. Biofuel is regarded as one of the effective ways to reduce carbon emissions in aviation.

“生物航煤生产过程中的加氢、裂解等核心工艺，与炼化行业高度契合，‘利旧建新’可节省成本约40%。”齐鲁工业大学(山东省科学院)二级研究员、山东省生态文明研究中心主任周勇给记者算了一笔账。

The core processes such as hydrogenation and cracking involved in the production of bio-jet fuel are highly compatible with the petrochemical industry. "Reusing existing facilities and building new ones" can save about 40% of costs," Zhou Yong, a secondary researcher at Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) and the director of the Shandong Center for Ecological Civilization Research, told the reporter, calculating the cost savings himself.

“这是山东独一无二的产业禀赋。”他分析，经过20余年发展，山东形成了全国规模最大的地方炼化产业集群，立足省内成熟的炼化装置、储运设施和专业人才，转型布局绿色航空燃料产业，既能盘活存量资产、释放闲置产能，又切中了全省绿色低碳转型的战略方向。

"This is a unique industrial endowment of Shandong Province," he explained. After more than 20 years of development, Shandong has formed the largest local petrochemical industrial cluster in the country. Based on the mature petrochemical facilities, storage and transportation facilities, and professional talents within the province, it has transformed and restructured the green aviation fuel industry. This not only revitalizes the existing assets and releases idle production capacity, but also precisely aligns with the strategic direction of the province's green and low-carbon transformation.

然而，生物航煤的风口也非坦途，行业面临着原料、市场与规则等多重挑战。

However, the boom of biojet fuel is not without its difficulties. The industry is facing multiple challenges such as raw material supply, market demand, and regulatory issues.

我国是全球最大的废弃食用油生产国，理论供应潜力超1200万吨/年，但实际有效供应量450万—500万吨。“由于生物航煤刚刚起步，其原料的可用性、技术的经济性和可持续性仍是航空燃料商业化的主要挑战。”中国石油和化学工业联合会特种油品专业委员会副主任冀星说。

China is the world's largest producer of waste cooking oil, with a theoretical supply potential of over 12 million tons per year. However, the actual effective supply is between 4.5 million and 5 million tons. "As biojet fuel is still in its early stages, the availability of raw materials, the economic viability of the technology, and its sustainability remain the main challenges for the commercialization of aviation fuel," said Ji Xing, deputy director of the Special Oil Products Professional Committee of the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation.

与此同时，大量原料流向海外。2024年12月，国内取消废弃食用油出口退税政策，但未限制出口。“2024年国内废弃食用油出口接近300万吨，同期本土生物航煤出口规模不足10万吨。”周勇介绍，海外国家普遍采取“进口原料、本土深加工”的模式，牢牢锁定产业链高附加值环节。

Meanwhile, a large amount of raw materials are flowing overseas. In December 2024, China abolished the export tax rebate policy for waste edible oil, but did not restrict exports. "In 2024, the domestic export of waste edible oil was close to 3 million tons, while the export volume of local bio-jet fuel was less than 100,000 tons," Zhou Yong explained. Overseas countries generally adopt the model of "importing raw materials and local processing", firmly securing the high value-added links of the industrial chain.

目前，国内的生物航煤应用仍以试点示范为主，暂无强制掺混要求。据行业分析，当前国内航空公司采购的可持续航空燃料仅占燃油总需求的0.05%，需求还未充分释放。

At present, the application of bio-jet fuel in China is still mainly in the form of pilot demonstrations, and there are no mandatory blending requirements. According to industry analysis, the sustainable aviation fuel purchased by domestic airlines currently only accounts for 0.05% of the total fuel demand, and the demand has not been fully released.

相比传统航空煤油，生物航煤价格高出约1倍。北京大学国家发展研究院的报告估算，若国内执行2%的生物航煤强制掺混，航司年增成本约80亿元，相当于每位乘客增加约11元。国内航空市场竞争激烈，这种成本转嫁并不容易。

Compared with traditional aviation kerosene, the price of bioaviation fuel is about twice as high. A report from the National School of Development at Peking University estimates that if 2% of bioaviation fuel is mandatory blended in China, airlines' annual additional costs would be approximately 8 billion yuan, equivalent to an increase of about 11 yuan per passenger. The domestic aviation market is highly competitive, and such cost transmission is not easy.

随着绿色燃料被首次写入政府工作报告，生物航煤正迎来新的政策窗口期。5月20日，中国航空运输协会党委书记、理事长王昌顺在第四届民航绿色发展大会上表示，“十五五”是民航业加快绿色转型的关键时期，必须全力攻坚生物航煤全产业链建设。

With green fuels being included in the government work report for the first time, bio-jet fuel is entering a new policy window period. On May 20th, Wang Changshun, the Party Secretary and Chairman of the China Air Transport Association, stated at the Fourth Civil Aviation Green Development Conference that the "14th Five-Year Plan" is a crucial period for the aviation industry to accelerate its green transformation, and all efforts must be made to fully tackle the construction of the entire bio-jet fuel value chain.

对于炼化大省山东而言，这一机遇尤为重要。

For the major oil and chemical production province of Shandong, this opportunity is particularly significant.

长期以来，传统地炼产业以汽柴油生产为主，产业链短，抗市场风险能力较弱。随着国内新能源汽车快速普及，传统成品油市场需求已进入平台期甚至萎缩期。在周勇看来，生物航煤不仅是地炼企业全新的出口增长点，更是传统炼化产业绿色转型的关键突破口之一。

For a long time, the traditional refining industry has mainly focused on the production of gasoline and diesel, with a short industrial chain and weak ability to resist market risks. With the rapid popularization of domestic new energy vehicles, the market demand for traditional refined oil products has entered a plateau or even shrinking period. In Zhou Yong's view, bio-jet fuel is not only a new export growth point for local refineries, but also one of the key breakthroughs for the green transformation of the traditional refining and chemical industry.

国际上，英国、新加坡和欧盟已启动生物航煤强制掺混，CORSIA(国际航空碳抵消与减排计划)即将强制实施。“国际航空减排规则正加速形成刚性约束，跨境航班需遵守途经及目的地的碳减排要求，不达标将面临高额罚款，后续还有可能被限制航线运营。”周勇分析。

Internationally, the UK, Singapore and the EU have already initiated mandatory blending of biofuel for aviation. CORSIA (International Aviation Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme) is about to be implemented. "The international aviation emission reduction rules are accelerating the formation of rigid constraints. Cross-border flights need to comply with the carbon emission reduction requirements of the routes they pass through and their destinations. Failure to meet the standards will result in heavy fines. In the future, there may also be restrictions on flight operations." Zhou Yong analyzed.

山东已在全国生物航煤产业中占据半壁江山，但要保持领跑，仍有几道坎需要跨越。

Shandong has already accounted for half of the national bio-jet fuel industry. However, to maintain its leading position, there are still several hurdles that need to be overcome.

稳住企业预期，是当务之急。周勇建议，地方政府加大对企业研发阶段的支持力度，同时在原料保障、认证服务、通关便利等方面给予帮扶。

Stabilizing corporate expectations is a top priority. Zhou Yong suggests that local governments should increase their support for enterprises during the research and development stage, and also provide assistance in areas such as raw material supply, certification services, and customs clearance convenience.

主动参与国际规则博弈，同样关键。欧盟的碳关税和贸易限制措施，本质上是绿色话语权的争夺。国内不能只被动应对，“在限制低质地沟油出口、建立自己的绿色认证体系等方面，也要形成反制手段和博弈筹码。”周勇说。

Actively participating in the international rule-making process is equally crucial. The carbon tariffs and trade restrictions imposed by the EU are essentially a contest for green话语权. The domestic side cannot merely respond passively. "In terms of restricting the export of low-quality gutter oil and establishing its own green certification system, countermeasures and bargaining chips should also be formed," said Zhou Yong.

建成国内应用闭环，则是根本之策。当前生物航煤产业高度依赖出口市场，国内需求还未有效释放。随着CORSIA逐步落地，国内跨境航空航班将率先面临减排压力。业内普遍期待，国内尽早出台明确的掺混比例目标和配套激励政策，为生物航煤产业提供稳定的本土需求锚点。

Establishing a domestic application loop would be the fundamental solution. Currently, the biofuel aviation industry is highly dependent on export markets, and domestic demand has not been effectively released. With the gradual implementation of CORSIA, domestic cross-border air flights will first face emission reduction pressure. The industry generally expects that China will promptly introduce clear blending ratio targets and corresponding incentive policies to provide a stable local demand anchor for the biofuel aviation industry.