在全球能源脱碳转型关键阶段，能否依托现有炼厂发展生物质，助推行业绿色转型？能源企业发展生物燃料怎样合理分配资源？又该如何解决产业链商业化难题？针对这些问题，加拿大皇家科学院院士杰克·萨德勒在加拿大接受了本报记者的独家专访。

At a critical stage of global energy decarbonization transformation, can biomass be developed based on existing refineries to promote the green transformation of the industry? How should energy enterprises allocate resources for the development of biofuels? And how should they solve the commercialization problems of the industrial chain? In response to these questions, Jack Sadler, an academician of the Royal Society of Canada, gave an exclusive interview to our reporter in Canada.

记者：从全球视角来看，生物质能源在整体能源结构中的作用与定位正在发生何种转变？

Reporter: From a global perspective, what changes are taking place in the role and positioning of biomass energy within the overall energy structure?

杰克·萨德勒：人类依赖石油基燃料已有百余年，推广新型燃料作为能源补充尚需时日。但在美国、巴西等国家，乙醇掺混汽油已经用于交通领域；同时依托光伏、风电开发绿电，其生产与应用规模正在全球持续扩张。这体现出全球各国对气候变化问题的关切。

Jack Sadler: Humans have relied on petroleum-based fuels for over a hundred years. It will take some time to promote new fuels as supplementary energy sources. However, in countries like the United States and Brazil, ethanol blended with gasoline has already been used in the transportation sector; at the same time, green electricity generated through photovoltaic and wind power is being developed and its production and application scale is continuously expanding globally. This reflects the global concern over the issue of climate change.

过去，废弃食用油、动物脂肪等各类生物质废料，处理起来往往需要额外付出成本，属于棘手的废弃物。如今，这类原料被认定为低碳足迹原料，能够助力长途交通领域实现脱碳，尤其适用于生产可再生柴油与可持续航空燃料（又称生物航油）。航空运输、长途货运卡车领域很难依靠电气化实现绿色转型，生物质燃料在此类场景下具有不可忽视的应用价值。

In the past, various types of biomass waste such as discarded cooking oil and animal fats often required additional costs for disposal and were regarded as troublesome waste. Now, these raw materials have been recognized as low-carbon footprint materials, which can help the long-distance transportation sector achieve decarbonization. They are particularly suitable for the production of renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel (also known as biofuel). It is difficult for the aviation transportation and long-distance freight truck sectors to achieve a green transformation through electrification. Biomass fuels have significant application value in such scenarios.

国际能源署等机构预测，到2026年，生物燃料产业将消耗全球90%的废弃油脂供给量，这将重塑国际贸易格局。例如，北美与欧洲围绕废弃油脂原料的竞争不断加剧，这类原本被认为是低值的废弃物正转变为生产低碳燃料的战略性原料。

The International Energy Agency and other institutions predict that by 2026, the biofuel industry will consume 90% of the global supply of waste oils. This will reshape the international trade landscape. For instance, the competition between North America and Europe over waste oil raw materials is intensifying. These previously regarded as low-value are now transforming into strategic raw materials for the production of low-carbon fuels.

2022年，可持续航空燃料消费量占全球航空燃料总消耗量不足0.1%。但可再生柴油制造商耐思特公司（Neste）、世界能源公司（World Energy）、蒙大拿可再生能源公司（Montana Renewables）等企业给出乐观的增长预期：到2030年，可持续航空燃料消费占比将大幅提升。

In 2022, the consumption of sustainable aviation fuel accounted for less than 0.1% of the total global aviation fuel consumption. However, companies such as Neste (a renewable diesel manufacturer), World Energy, and Montana Renewables have given optimistic growth expectations: by 2030, the consumption share of sustainable aviation fuel will significantly increase.

记者：改造现有炼油设施，开展生物质原料共炼，对能源企业而言，是实现低碳转型的过渡方式，还是低碳炼厂的终极发展模式？

Reporter: For energy enterprises, transforming existing oil refining facilities and conducting co-refining of biomass raw materials - is this a transitional approach for achieving a low-carbon transformation, or is it the ultimate development model for a low-carbon refinery?

杰克·萨德勒：炼厂将原油与废弃油脂等低碳原料共炼，能够推动炼厂及其产出的燃料实现脱碳。但相较于纯化石炼油工艺，共炼生产成本更高。产业发展初期离不开政策扶持。炼化行业可以借鉴美国、巴西等国培育乙醇市场所采用的相关政策。全球范围内，越来越多的企业开始布局共炼业务。瑞典普雷姆公司（现更名为瓦罗普雷姆，VaroPreem）是全球共炼领域的先行者，低碳燃料年产能达140万立方米。加拿大的能源公司Tidewater已建成共炼装置，可加工菜籽油、废弃食用油、牛羊脂、妥尔油等多种脂质原料，累计共炼加工量约4000万升。

Jack Sadler: By processing crude oil together with low-carbon raw materials such as waste oils in the refinery, the refinery and the resulting fuels can achieve decarbonization. However, compared to the pure fossil refining process, the cost of co-refining is higher. In the early stages of industrial development, policy support is indispensable. The refining and chemical industry can draw on the relevant policies adopted by countries like the United States and Brazil to cultivate the ethanol market. Globally, more and more enterprises are beginning to focus on co-refining business. Swedish company Preem (now renamed VaroPreem) is a pioneer in the field of co-refining, with an annual production capacity of 1.4 million cubic meters of low-carbon fuels. Canadian energy company Tidewater has built a co-refining facility that can process various lipid raw materials such as rapeseed oil, waste edible oil, animal and livestock fats, and terpene oil, with a cumulative co-refining processing volume of approximately 40 million liters.

当前，传统炼油厂仍是交通燃料的主要供应方，未来也有望持续成为低碳燃料的核心供给主体。但在发展初期，仍需依托低碳燃料标准、清洁燃料法规等扶持政策，保障相关业务具备经济可行性。

Currently, traditional oil refineries remain the primary supplier of transportation fuels, and they are also expected to continue to be the main provider of low-carbon fuels in the future. However, during the initial stage of development, support policies such as low-carbon fuel standards and clean fuel regulations are still necessary to ensure the economic feasibility of related businesses.

记者：目前，全球范围内已有一些经过验证、取得成功的商业化共炼案例，您认为哪种模式适合中国能源企业大规模推广？

Reporter: Currently, there are some verified and successful commercial co-processing cases worldwide. In your opinion, which model would be suitable for Chinese energy enterprises to widely promote on a large scale?

杰克·萨德勒：尽管油脂类原料成本普遍高于原油原料，但全球共炼产业仍在持续发展，国际能源署等机构一直在跟踪产业增长态势。

Jack Sadler: Although the cost of oil-based raw materials is generally higher than that of crude oil, the global refining industry is still continuing to develop. The International Energy Agency and other institutions have been monitoring the growth trend of this industry.

加拿大拥有多家实现商业化运营的炼油厂，能源公司Tidewater、太阳石油公司（Sunoco）均常态化开展脂质原料共炼。帝国石油（Imperial Oil）旗下独立运营的斯特拉斯科纳（Strathcona）炼油厂以菜籽油为原料，日产可再生柴油2万桶，折合年产量约10亿升，是加拿大规模最大的可再生柴油生产企业。Tidewater旗下子公司Tidewater可再生能源公司装置投产两年半以来，累计产出2.8亿升可再生柴油，企业还计划建设可持续航空燃料生产装置。

Canada has several commercially operated refineries that regularly carry out the co-refining of lipid raw materials. Energy companies Tidewater and Sunoco both regularly engage in this process. The Strathcona refinery, independently operated by Imperial Oil, uses rapeseed oil as the raw material and produces 20,000 barrels of renewable diesel per day, equivalent to an annual production of approximately 1 billion liters. It is the largest renewable diesel producer in Canada. Since the Tidewater Renewable Energy Company, a subsidiary of Tidewater, began operation two and a half years ago, it has produced a total of 280 million liters of renewable diesel. The company also plans to build a sustainable aviation fuel production facility.

记者：除废弃食用油这类脂质原料外，还有哪些废弃物可用于制备生物燃料？企业应当如何管控原料收集半径以及相关成本？

Reporter: Besides waste cooking oil, which other types of waste can be used to produce biofuels? How should enterprises manage the radius of raw material collection and related costs?

杰克·萨德勒：我通常以全球生物质颗粒行业作为参照基准。该行业主要使用锯末等林业废料生产颗粒燃料，并销往全球各地。之所以将其作为参照标准，是因为倘若生物质颗粒的生产与分销难以实现盈利，那么把同类生物质原料用于可持续航空燃料等其他工艺路线，想要实现商业化落地只会更加困难。

Jack Sadler: I usually take the global biomass pellet industry as the reference benchmark. This industry mainly uses forestry waste such as sawdust to produce pellet fuel and sells it globally. The reason why it is chosen as the reference standard is that if the production and distribution of biomass pellets cannot achieve profitability, then attempting to commercialize similar biomass raw materials through other processes such as sustainable aviation fuel will be even more difficult.

农林废弃物资源总量远高于脂质原料，且大多属于低碳原料。利用农林残渣生产可持续航空燃料，有望保障其长期稳定供应。生物原油可作为现有脂质原料的补充，制备路线主要包含三类热化学液化技术：生物质快速热解、催化热解与水热液化。

The total amount of agricultural and forestry waste resources is much higher than that of lipid raw materials, and most of them are low-carbon raw materials. Utilizing agricultural and forestry residues to produce sustainable aviation fuel is expected to ensure its long-term stable supply. Bio-crude oil can serve as a supplement to the existing lipid raw materials, and the preparation routes mainly include three types of thermochemical liquefaction technologies: rapid pyrolysis of biomass, catalytic pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction.

瑞典普雷姆公司等炼化企业已经验证，快速热解配套专用加氢工艺能够实现减排。相较于化石航油基准，该路线温室气体减排幅度可达74%。我们团队开展的相关研究表明，配套加氢工艺可实现71%的温室气体减排。

Refining enterprises such as Prem Company in Sweden have verified that the rapid pyrolysis combined with a dedicated hydrogenation process can achieve emission reduction. Compared to the benchmark of fossil jet fuel, this route can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 74%. Our team's related research indicates that the combined hydrogenation process can achieve a 71% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

但技术经济性分析结果显示，所有工艺路线产出的低碳燃料最低销售价格区间为每吨1724至3926加元（约8280至18856元人民币）。当前传统航油市场价格为每吨855加元（约4107元人民币），即便是成本最优路线生产的生物航油，售价依然较高。净现值测算表明，项目经济性对三大因素最为敏感：生物原油工厂基建投资、原料采购成本以及耗氢成本，因此，当下相关研发工作主要围绕上述方向推进。

However, the results of the technical and economic analysis show that the lowest sales price range for the low-carbon fuels produced by all the process routes is between 1,724 and 3,926 Canadian dollars per ton (approximately 8,280 to 18,856 yuan). The current market price of traditional aviation fuel is 855 Canadian dollars per ton (approximately 4,107 yuan), and even the bio-aviation fuel produced by the cost-optimal route still has a relatively high price. The net present value calculation indicates that the economic performance of the project is most sensitive to three factors: the infrastructure investment of the bio-crude oil plant, the raw material procurement cost, and the hydrogen consumption cost. Therefore, the current research and development efforts are mainly focused on these directions.